Author: Eric Christianson

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Linagliptin Pharmacology

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On this episode of the Real Life Pharmacology Podcast, I cover linagliptin pharmacology, adverse effects, drug interactions, and much more.

Linagliptin is a DPP-4 inhibitor used to help control blood sugar levels in adults with type 2 diabetes. It works by increasing the levels of incretin hormones, which stimulate insulin release and decrease glucagon levels in the blood.

Linagliptin is usually taken once daily and can be used alone or in combination with other diabetes medications.

Unlike some other diabetes drugs, linagliptin does not usually cause weight gain or low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) when used alone.

Linagliptin should not be used with GLP-1 agonists as it works on a similar pathway as that medication class.

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Meclizine Pharmacology Podcast

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Meclizine is classified as a first-generation antihistamine. I discuss meclizine pharmacology, adverse effects, drug interactions, and much more.

Meclizine is included on the Beers list due to its highly anticholinergic activity. Anticholinergic effects include constipation, dry eyes, dry mouth, urinary retention, and confusion.

Sedation is an important adverse effect of meclizine. This adverse effect can be increased when used with other sedating medications such as opioids and benzodiazepines.

Meclizine is primarily used for vertigo and motion sickness in clinical practice. The usual starting dose ranges between 12.5 to 25 mg.

Meclizine is partially broken down by CYP2D6 so medications like bupropion can inhibit the breakdown of meclizine and lead to higher concentrations.

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Amphetamine/Dextroamphetamine (Adderall) Pharmacology Podcast

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In this episode, I discuss amphetamine/dextroamphetamine pharmacology, adverse effects, drug interactions, and much more.

Stimulants like Adderall are well known to cause insomnia. This adverse effect can be affected by the timing of the dose.

Lack of growth and poor appetite are two important things to monitor in pediatric patients taking Adderall.

Changes in the pH of the stomach/gut can alter the absorption of Adderall. I discuss this in greater detail in this podcast episode.

Cardiovascular monitoring is essential with the use of stimulants like Adderall. Pulse and heart rate are two important vital signs to assess.

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Benazepril Pharmacology Podcast

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Benazepril is an ACE inhibitor used to treat hypertension by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing vasoconstriction.

Combining benazepril with potassium-sparing diuretics or potassium supplements increases the risk of hyperkalemia due to aldosterone suppression.

Common side effects of benazepril include dry cough, hyperkalemia, and hypotension due to its effect on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Benazepril can be prescribed alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents, such as diuretics or calcium channel blockers, to enhance blood pressure control.

Benazepril has a long duration of action, allowing for once-daily dosing, which improves patient adherence and convenience in hypertension management.

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Loratadine Pharmacology Podcasst

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On this podcast episode, I cover loratadine pharmacology, adverse effects, drug interactions, and much more.

Loratatdine is a second generation antihistamine. It has a lower incidence of central nervous system adverse effects compared to first-generation antihistamines like diphenhydramine.

Loratadine dosing varies in pediatric patients and those with renal impairment. I get into the details on this podcast episode.

Drug interactions aren’t common with loratadine but I discuss a few that may be clinically significant.

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Modafinil Pharmacology Podcast

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Modafinil (Provigil) is a CNS stimulant medication. I cover modafinil pharmacology, adverse effects, drug interactions, and much more on this podcast episode.

You should be aware that modafinil is a Schedule 4 controlled substance so it does carry a risk of dependence and addiction.

Modafinil can cause CYP3A4 induction and lead to lowering the concentrations of many medications. This includes antiepileptic agents and oral contraceptives.

The most common adverse effects of modafinil include ramping up the body and causing symptoms such as anxiety and insomnia.

Cardiovascular changes are a risk with modafinil as this medication can contribute to hypertension and tachycardia.

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Top 200 Drugs Podcast – Medications 196-200

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Lansoprazole is a PPI that can be used for GERD, ulcers, and other GI conditions. B12 and magnesium deficiency are possible long-term mineral and vitamin effects.

Augmentin is a combination medication of amoxicillin and clavulanate. It is an antibiotic for infection. Diarrhea is the most common adverse effect.

Lovastatin is a cholesterol-lowering medication. It is often not a preferred statin due to CYP3A4 interaction and it is less potent than other medications.

Valacyclovir is a prodrug that gets converted to acyclovir. It is an antiviral medication and can treat herpes zoster and herpes simplex infections.

Chlorpromazine is a dopamine antagonist that has anticholinergic activity as well. It is a first-generation antipsychotic medication.

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Top 200 Drugs Podcast – Medications 191-195

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Clopidogrel (Plavix) is an antiplatelet medication. You need to understand the pharmacokinetics of clopidogrel and how CYP2C19 affects this medication.

Doxycycline is a tetracycline antibiotic. Calcium, iron, and other metal cations can bind doxycycline and reduce the absorption of the medication.

Hyzaar is a combination of losartan and hydrochlorothiazide. Losartan is an ARB and hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic.

Kytril (granisetron) is an antiemetic medication. It is from the same class of medication as the more commonly used ondansetron.

Restoril (temazepam) is a benzodiazepine. It is primarily used to treat insomnia as it has a much shorter half-life than many of the other benzodiazepines.

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Top 200 Drugs Podcast – Medications 186-190

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On this episode of the Real Life Pharmacology Podcast, we will cover medications 186-190 on the Top 200 Drugs List.

The medications included in the podcast episode are Sonata, Zebata, Zovirax, Coumadin, and Luvox.

Sonata (ezopiclone) is a Z-drug used for insomnia. It has many similar effects to benzodiazepines and a similar mechanism of action.

Zebeta (bisoprolol) is a beta-blocker used for the treatment of hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and heart failure amongst other indication.

Zovirax (acyclovir) is an antiviral medication used to treat various viral infection. It needs to be dosed numerous times throughout the day which is a downside to use.

Coumadin (warfarin) is an anticoagulant. It is most well known for its need to have INRs drawn to assess drug levels.

Luvox (fluvoxamine) is an SSRI antidepressant. It is well known for its ability to cause drug interaction and is often not a first line agent because of this reason.

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Top 200 Drugs – Medications 181-185

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On this Real Life Pharmacology Podcast episode, we cover medications 181-185.

Proscar is the brand name for finasteride. This medication can be helpful in shrinking the size of the prostate but it does typically take a while to work (months).

Sinemet is a combination of carbidopa and levodopa. Levodopa is converted in the central nervous system to dopamine to help alleviate a shortage of dopamine in the brain.

Risedronate is a bisphosphonate medication that can be used in the treatment of osteoporosis.

Albuterol (Ventolin) is a short-acting beta-agonist that is used to relieve symptoms of acute respiratory distress most often associated with an asthma exacerbation.

Tramadol is classified as an opioid analgesic. It also has activity similar to SNRIs as it has the ability to increase serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain.

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